Which of the following is considered a form of involuntary alienation?

Involuntary alienation refers to the transfer of property ownership that occurs without the owner's consent. Each of the options presented constitutes a type of involuntary alienation.

Eminent domain is the government's power to take private property for public use, provided that just compensation is given to the owner. This process does not require the owner's agreement to sell or give up the property, making it a clear example of involuntary alienation.

Foreclosure occurs when a lender seizes a property after the borrower defaults on mortgage payments. The property is then sold to recover the owed amount, again happening without the owner's voluntary consent. This is a legal process that results in the loss of ownership due to failure to meet financial obligations.

Adverse possession allows a person to claim ownership of land under certain conditions, even if they do not hold the title. If specific criteria are met—such as continuous use and public acknowledgment—the possessor may acquire legal title to the property without the original owner's agreement, which exemplifies another form of involuntary alienation.

Given that all these processes lead to the transfer of property without the owner's voluntary participation, it is accurate to state that they all represent forms of involuntary alienation.